Pamalayu pared differently in the book by Uli Kozak of
the Book of the Law Cape Land, translated by Achadiati Ikram et al. According
to Kozak Uli subjugation event called Pamalayu interpreted by historians tend
to follow the theory advanced by the work of Krom - Javaansche Geschiedenis
Hindoe. In Canto 41/5 Kakawin Kartagama we can read that in 1275 King
Singasari, Kertanegara ( 1269-1292 ), "issued an order for the Earth down
to Malay" ( MPU prapanca, 1995:54 ), so that the whole territory of Pahang
( Malay Peninsula ) and Malay bowed to him" ( ibid : 55 ). In 1286 Malays
have become conquered areas Singasari ( Krom, 1931:336 ). But interestingly
there is a theory put forward Coedès stating that at the time Singasari start
mastering Sumatra, Thai troops have seized the Malay Peninsula, and his theory
is that the Royal Thai and working to rid the kingdom of Srivijaya Singasari of
the Straits of Malacca and Sunda ( Coedès, 1968:202 ).
Uli Kozak stated that the theory is contrary to CC Berg
who interpret Pamalayu as part of an integrated program that aims to unite the
archipelago ( islands outside Java ) that together can face the threat of the
Mongol emperor Kublai Khan. Thus Kertanagara foreign policy towards the
archipelago, and especially the Malay, is a direct result of the concerns of
the threat of aggression Singasari Kingdom of the Mongol Empire, which at that
time had been defeated Yunnan ( 1253-57 ), and threatens the whole region of
Southeast Asia. Thus Berg Pamalayu interpret as "agreement with
Malay" ( Berg , 1950:485 ), to form an alliance against aggression Mongol
dynasty. Berg recent theory is also supported by De Casparis.
According
to him, even Amoghapasa statue gift can be seen as a sign of friendship to
establish a partnership that has a dual purpose : First, in order to recognize
the sovereignty of Malay Singasari, and secondly, to deal with the threat of
force Kublai Khan ( Casparis, 1989; 1992). According to Berg, nor Pamalayu held
in 1275 as allegedly Chrome citing Nagarakartagama, but in the year 1292. Berg
shows the peel is very thorough Canto 41/5 Nagarakartagama Kartanagara that in
1275 only gave the command " tell bow Malay " and there is no
indication that in the command is also executed ( Berg, 1950:9 ). The rest Berg
reminds us that the new Kartanagara crowned king in 1268, at that time he was
very young. Berg does not believe that such an early Kertanagara already
successfully established the country to take on the risks associated with one
expedition to the Malay that is located so far from East Java ( ibid : 16 ). At
that time Kertanagara not necessarily have mastered dealing Madurese are
located in Tuban, Tuban is a port of departure while Pamalayu to confront Malay
fleet. Moreover, in the year 1280 is still dealing with the opposite
Kertanagara domestic ( ibid : 17 ), and recently in 1284 Singasari can beat
Bali that is located so much closer than the Malays.
Berg concluded that Pamalayu being floated since new in
1275 realized in 1292, when Kertanagara already mastered Madura, Sunda, and
Bali. At
the time ituia is sure to be attacked by the Mongols and allies need to
melawanya. Mongol emperor had several times told Kertanagara to come to China
to visit the emperor, but Kertagama always refused, and in 1289 the envoys of
Kublai Khan who visited Java instead persecuted. Of course, the Mongol emperor
felt humiliated and sent a fleet to avenge the insult. When the Mongol troops
landed in Tuban, apparently Kertanagara been murdered by dissident named
Jayakatwang of which also marks the end of Kediri Kingdom Singasari. Berg
linking the incident that occurred in May or June 1292 with the departure of troops
to attack Sumatra Singasari.
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