Pamalayu study by Uli Kozok

Pamalayu pared differently in the book by Uli Kozak of the Book of the Law Cape Land, translated by Achadiati Ikram et al. According to Kozak Uli subjugation event called Pamalayu interpreted by historians tend to follow the theory advanced by the work of Krom - Javaansche Geschiedenis Hindoe. In Canto 41/5 Kakawin Kartagama we can read that in 1275 King Singasari, Kertanegara ( 1269-1292 ), "issued an order for the Earth down to Malay" ( MPU prapanca, 1995:54 ), so that the whole territory of Pahang ( Malay Peninsula ) and Malay bowed to him" ( ibid : 55 ). In 1286 Malays have become conquered areas Singasari ( Krom, 1931:336 ). But interestingly there is a theory put forward Coedès stating that at the time Singasari start mastering Sumatra, Thai troops have seized the Malay Peninsula, and his theory is that the Royal Thai and working to rid the kingdom of Srivijaya Singasari of the Straits of Malacca and Sunda ( Coedès, 1968:202 ).

Uli Kozak stated that the theory is contrary to CC Berg who interpret Pamalayu as part of an integrated program that aims to unite the archipelago ( islands outside Java ) that together can face the threat of the Mongol emperor Kublai Khan. Thus Kertanagara foreign policy towards the archipelago, and especially the Malay, is a direct result of the concerns of the threat of aggression Singasari Kingdom of the Mongol Empire, which at that time had been defeated Yunnan ( 1253-57 ), and threatens the whole region of Southeast Asia. Thus Berg Pamalayu interpret as "agreement with Malay" ( Berg , 1950:485 ), to form an alliance against aggression Mongol dynasty. Berg recent theory is also supported by De Casparis. 

According to him, even Amoghapasa statue gift can be seen as a sign of friendship to establish a partnership that has a dual purpose : First, in order to recognize the sovereignty of Malay Singasari, and secondly, to deal with the threat of force Kublai Khan ( Casparis, 1989; 1992). According to Berg, nor Pamalayu held in 1275 as allegedly Chrome citing Nagarakartagama, but in the year 1292. Berg shows the peel is very thorough Canto 41/5 Nagarakartagama Kartanagara that in 1275 only gave the command " tell bow Malay " and there is no indication that in the command is also executed ( Berg, 1950:9 ). The rest Berg reminds us that the new Kartanagara crowned king in 1268, at that time he was very young. Berg does not believe that such an early Kertanagara already successfully established the country to take on the risks associated with one expedition to the Malay that is located so far from East Java ( ibid : 16 ). At that time Kertanagara not necessarily have mastered dealing Madurese are located in Tuban, Tuban is a port of departure while Pamalayu to confront Malay fleet. Moreover, in the year 1280 is still dealing with the opposite Kertanagara domestic ( ibid : 17 ), and recently in 1284 Singasari can beat Bali that is located so much closer than the Malays.

Berg concluded that Pamalayu being floated since new in 1275 realized in 1292, when Kertanagara already mastered Madura, Sunda, and Bali. At the time ituia is sure to be attacked by the Mongols and allies need to melawanya. Mongol emperor had several times told Kertanagara to come to China to visit the emperor, but Kertagama always refused, and in 1289 the envoys of Kublai Khan who visited Java instead persecuted. Of course, the Mongol emperor felt humiliated and sent a fleet to avenge the insult. When the Mongol troops landed in Tuban, apparently Kertanagara been murdered by dissident named Jayakatwang of which also marks the end of Kediri Kingdom Singasari. Berg linking the incident that occurred in May or June 1292 with the departure of troops to attack Sumatra Singasari.

Early Islamic Civilization in Borneo

Discovered 127 Hijri years gravestones 745 AD in District Sandai, Ketapang District, West Kalimantan, which is located in the territory of the Kingdom Tanjungpura, caused a stir among the historians archipelago. Some speculation and research the history of the kingdoms of civilization existing in the archipelago had been developed, with the inventions of civilization site empire. Research and pengaliaan history continues to experience ups and downs, due to some theories about the introduction of Islam into the archipelago to be refuted by the discovery of a new reinforced, such as the discovery of an ancient tomb in the district. Sandai is engraved in 127 Hijri. Some literature states that the entry of Islam into the archipelago have been there in the 6th century AD, the region of Sumatra, it is because the Malacca Strait has long been the territory of passes merchant ships from around the world screen.

The arrival of Islam in the archipelago have each theory, there are some theories that say that Islam entered the archipelago from the merchants of Gujarat, India. Width Leaf Foundation coordinator, Ir. Gusti Kamboja said when Islamization in Ocean Pasai, Aceh, first king Malik Al - Salih, died in 698 H or 1297 AD , and in the same year Gujarat is still a Hindu kingdom. "So at that time Islam has not been established and developed in Gujarat, so it may not be able to spread Islam to the archipelago, "said Kamboja.

Italian historian, in his book futher G.E.Gerini India and Indo - Malay Archipelago, recorded circa 606-699 AD has many Arabs , who live in the archipelago. They went through Swarnabhumi Barus and Aceh in the north. From there it spread throughout the archipelago to the south of China. In the 7th century AD, Srivijaya empire has had ties to the Caliph of Islam in Syria, in one text a letter addressed to the Caliph Umar bin Abdul Aziz ( 717-720 AD ) with a request that the Caliph refused to submit to the court Preachers Sriwijaya, according to Network Middle East scholars and Nsantara Islands XVII & XVIII centuries ; Authorship Prof. Dr. Azyumardi Azra MA. Noted also in about the year 717 AD, reported there were 35 warships from the present in the Umayyad dynasty of Srivijaya, and further accelerate the development of Islam in Sriwijaya, according to the History of Islam ; Authorship Prof. Dr. Hamka.

According to Ir. Gusti Kamboja, the kingdom Tanjungpura in some records already have a relationship with the kingdom of Srivijaya, Sriwijaya kingdom once ruled as the West Borneo (Kingdom Tanjungpura ) in the 7th century AD From the results of the study concluded that the width Leaf Foundation Sandai inscription form is not the same as the shape of gravestones in Pasai and Gresik, East Java. The stone is a stone nor a native of Ketapang, but imported stone. Although research conducted fully completed yet, the Foundation also vigorously collect a lot of literature to strengthen the findings.

Gusti Iswandi Haliem in his book Land of Enchantment Kayong, United Tanjungpura In Historical Perspective, said that King Tanjungpura named Burjaya had converted to Islam, he was the son of the daughter of one of the scum and Segara Uphold Buana. After the king embraced Islam Burjaya all Buddhist temples razed, and other worship sites hoarded, because Burjaya king had converted to Islam so he holds Majesty Sultan Raja Maha Burjaya. Of note Gusti Iswandi Haliem, some of the greatest scholars ever stopped and settled in the kingdom Tanjungpura, such as during the reign of Sultan Mu'aziddin, came a cleric named Syaid Martalaya to Hashim bin Yahya. The cleric known brave and fanatical, if he runs always carry a stick of iron that weighs eight catty or eight pounds. Typically, he always disemirnya with bearded boyfriend ( Henna ) kind of red plant. He therefore called also Redbeard. Some time later came also to Martalaya cleric named al - Habib Husein with Shaykh Salim Hanbal, and many more are yet known of its history.

Can be concluded that the kingdom Tanjungpura sememangnya also a great empire in the 7th century AD, due to Arab traders also have to stop in the harbor and the city in the kingdom Tanjungpura. Sandai tombstone to be one of the important discoveries support the theories of the new Islamic presence in the archipelago, it also strengthens the civilizations of other large kingdoms and empires such as the Srivijaya empire Barus, which became the symbols of Islam directly from Arab lands by Dai specifically sent by the Caliph as well as by Arab traders.